The simplified expression should have no negative exponents. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. hI! hI! CJ OJ QJ UVaJ hI! hI! CJ OJ QJ aJ %j hI! hI! CJ OJ QJ UaJ hI! hI! 5>*CJ aJ hI! 5>* j hI! 5>*UmH nH u hHj hI! 5CJ aJ hI! 5CJ aJ Q S e , - . Exponential Decay. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3. *answer key included To multiple exponents with the same base add the exponents. > 2 4 1 a bjbj 4P xJ\xJ\{ p p p | ) h v x) z) z) z) z) z) z) $ a+ . This application multiple uses in your classroom:Practice for an upcoming quiz or testA quiz or testComprehension CheckSo much more!What topic(s) is/are covered?Multiplying monomialsPower RuleNegative exp, Exponent Rules Exam*8-Multiple Choice**2 - Part II Questions - Simplify & Explain**Questions include both standard form & exponential form of exponents*, This DIGITAL Puzzle Pixel Art is a perfect assessment for testing students' understanding of the Product Rule. *8xU$`zT)6&yByhVag Z_k 0!prh R(}PkPydFhcpWpkO!9hE:y4.:lv:0~&hw.! The test has 10 questions with a variety of multiple choice and open-ended response. For any number x and any integers a and b , (xa)(xb) = xa + b. 25. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Simplify the expression. The answer key is included. xI{P.h;2@_>|H=vHPfSm77v7~/w7_^U=~|} S_5}.l1lw__?~uvi^?Vza'^?/WeF^l/CH? EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Exponents + Scientific Notation Your quest on these topics is next class! Previous WebAccording to exponent rules, when we divide the expressions we _______ the exponents. Self-scoring and editable!-Powers-Multiplication rule-Division-Power of a power-ZeroHave a look at the thumbnails and preview file to get a better idea of what this product looks like. Exponential Equations with Fraction Inc, The assessment combines standards from 8th grade and Algebra I on the topics of exponent rules, square roots, scientific notation calculations, and rational / irrational numbers. K?#,FlvcAmu{nu0[G&c4MmiEJu3}0?bZ(&3Osl13R8 27. Simplify, if possible. -2 plus 2 equals 0, not 1. Web Evaluate Exponential expressions with a Zero or negative exponent. The questions begin with just Power Rule, progressively getting harder every few problems until Product Rule is mixed with multiplying monomials. 9 ,7f>t6\Mj75HRQ"`pub2 QDQ55[ap{9: ebV&:&pnIj"y'L Z:-(! ! wdH4QD(`lvL7B Write your answer as a power or as a product of powers. WebUnit 11: Lesson 1. c. 0.0123 There should be no negative exponents in your answer. Can you explain number 2 and 6 please . This website's owner is mathematician Milo Petrovi. The questions begin with just Quotient Rule with two variables, progressing to inclusion of negative and zero exponents, to three variables and product rule. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 16. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. With Quizizz, teachers can create engaging worksheets that focus on divisibility rules, allowing students to practice and test their knowledge in a fun and interactive way. The days are as follows: If you have the same number with a different exponent (For instance 5 3 X 5 2 ) just add the exponents and Subtracting a negative you change the sign. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 9. WebThe Product Rule for Exponents. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 26. %PDF-1.3 Real Number System, Radicals & Laws of Exponents, Properties of Real #s: Test 5Google Form Test 35 Questions - 100 PointsMultiple Choice2 and 3 Points EachTopics: Classifying Real NumbersRationalIrrationalIntegerWhole NumberNatural NumberEtc. Sums and Products of Rational and Irrational Numbers Operations with Real Numbers Radicals ExpressionsSimplify Multiply Divide Simplifying Exponential ExpressionsUse all exponent rules leaving no negative exponents. WebExponents and order of operations > Meaning of exponents Meaning of exponents CCSS.Math: 6.EE.A.1 Google Classroom Write the expression in exponential form. iGVx,%kD-iait4%^XE>@mXVlqrup{`bZs4Z.l%6Hs9"VU0 Wmv+6(6'9< NTH[ls5NtI n.d .f%k# H)Z)pHEC,Ber)8. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. [ WebAccording to exponent rules, when we raise a power to another power we _______ the exponents. I designed this website and wrote all the calculators, lessons, and formulas. WebApply the product rule for exponents, if possible. One time when thinking of exponents as merely multiplication doesnt work is when the raised number is zero. 2. z ) p @ ) ) ! TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. Your final answer should be written in Scientific Notation. h^hgdI! gdI! Simplify expression $a^2 \cdot b^3 \cdot a^3 \cdot b$, Is the following expression true or false? Since exponents are superscripted, I thought I should make you aware. Together, we are truly making a difference in the lives of those often forgotten by the system. 7. As a review, in order for terms with exponents to be subtracted: The bases of all terms must be the same. WebExponents quotient rules Quotient rule with same base an / am = an-m Example: 2 5 / 2 3 = 2 5-3 = 2 2 = 22 = 4 Quotient rule with same exponent an / bn = ( a / b) n Example: 4 3 / 2 3 = (4/2) 3 = 2 3 = 222 = 8 See: Dividing exponents Exponents power rules Power rule I ( an) m = a nm Example: (2 3) 2 = 2 32 = 2 6 = 222222 = 64 HTO0+QTYpoX[vxW,Rx}!0@@i?HqXH!@^ :DyNRLl(PGA 1b]]R'szUUR5&Q9;Q8sG6M 0lo;ST'~5,~16N~L'/`P EMBED Equation.DSMT4 12. hVmkH+1v9|ud 3T1NpE3dah &"!JIbbiEL3AbF8Sp`FsK-I`k"b".scVFni*&IS1L%& S4uS:>9:&0&2&tYhl#9 8"2[_|y +/eC"_E8p# lw*/6g\^Vd?|ya|yp,5wgvG:*+[jWYMwC[.KM]XJ]UJ>'@`6 D+za\ m>[Wo>]a!FTa:[!~ J!XAUny2ntn`/2pn~)J\`rF'eN tHIu'8}[6~]g5 iq#uv-IoRJ*0e'p(u1R\{F0l2WEZhxm B?l?0 0 Thank you for your interest in this product from Rise over Run. I probably need to start from the beginning so everything makes sense as I progress. A Is the following expression true or false? answer choices add subtract multiply divide Question 6 120 seconds Q. This resource includes a link to a digital, Google Forms as well as a PDF instruction sheet.24 multiple choice questions with colorful graphics. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 30. Multiplying & dividing powers (integer exponents), Powers of products & quotients (integer exponents), Multiply & divide powers (integer exponents), Properties of exponents challenge (integer exponents), Level up on the above skills and collect up to 240 Mastery points. WebEXPONENT RULES & PRACTICE - Metropolitan Community WebEXPONENT RULES & PRACTICE 1. Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. H1W1w.I pU_|[NNB;d&W)42-P0N7FSp\l/g1Nz*`[x1M"B,nO+qgI-AP7dX5-!~%a.C!:b G42j@/M:Ix"xN^RtSr&m9v|,A!acH@W}* XKar|jhr] hT=o w~:@hR-&"52htb~Nw ;cyK'`I{To3h[?rrI04 ,SVWV5'X?g^8lAgKI R^U^\(k!b]` m@ FAQ no because when dividing with exponents, you subtract while, multiplying with exponents, you add them together so the answer would be (A). 1/0.125 is 1000/125=8. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Rewrite the number in scientific notation. from your Reading List will also remove any Negative Exponents. Multiplying & dividing powers (integer exponents) Multiply & divide powers (integer exponents) Powers of products & quotients (integer exponents) For instance, in 5. You will receive the two-page test in PDF format, along with the answer key. Example: h 8 / h 3 answer choices add subtract multiply divide Question Hello Sir, Please check Answer of Ques no.2. and Micro Irrigation Project. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 109 110 P Q R S e f } ~  waLA hI! hI! CJ aJ )j% hI! hI! CJ EHOJ QJ UaJ +jR a a a a = a4 (read as a raised to The square root is nice, but let's learn about higher-order roots like the cube root (or 3rd root). u>_X p This resource is perfect for: self-directed students tackling this skill for the first time; review before a test; flipped-classroom pre-work; substitute work; homework; or just extra practice for students in pre-algebra, Algebra 1, College Algebra, GED, HiSET, and HSE classes.This resource includes:A 1-page instructional page with fully demonstrated example prob, This Quotient Rule DIGITAL Puzzle Pixel Art is a perfect assessment to test the knowledge of students on Properties of Exponents: Quotient Rule. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Multiply or Divide. EMBED Equation.3 11. stream %PDF-1.4 WebEXPONENT RULES & PRACTICE 1. For some reason, super-scripted exponents are ending up displaying as subscript on my browser, and my fiances browser. WebExample 1: Write 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 in exponent form. 150 ,00024. There are separate sections for * Product and Quotient rules * Power rule * EMBED Equation.3 2. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 5. https://test-preparation.ca/Podcast/Exponents.mp3, Complete Test Preparation Inc. partners with Eco Libris to balance titles, How to Solve Linear Inequalities Quick Review and Practice, Exponents Practice Questions and Tutorial, Heres how to do basic multiplication of exponents. EMBED Equation.3 21. $5^2 \cdot 5^3 = 5^6$, Is the following expression true or false? WebPRIMARY CONTENT MODULE I NUMBER SENSE: Exponents/Powers and Roots T-18 1999, CISC: Curriculum and Instruction Steering Committee The WINNING EQUATION This recourse is a self-grading Google Form test assessing properties of integer exponents such as the power rule, adding exponents, subtracting exponents and negative exponents. PRODUCT RULE: To multiply when two bases are the same, write the base and ADD the exponents. WebExponents are used to expressing large numbers in the shorter forms to make them easy to read, understand, compare, and operate upon. D1Q 54 (The answer is 1/8). 6&o>;9VF'1 "r:1};ZQQzP_1H?ehbl6r'$SnMmQv"*o="Z%(;;/{T#zyac*=1i@|sB=Sl$G^V"-H#{_1 {Bw9s#c\ 7~ Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? This End of Course Algebra 1 Practice test is perfect to help prepare your students for the end of year Algebra 1 tests and final exams. WebRules, Formulas and Practice Problems. Subtract Exponents. 5. It is engaging, quick, and low prep. Is the following expression true or false? This assessment includes 13 questions including multiple choice, multiple select, and short answer. Write the result in decimal form. Y WebQuizizz is an interactive platform for teachers to create and assign worksheets to their students for mathematics and arithmetic & number theory. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 29. 1042000 Evaluate the expression without using a calculator. The exponent rules are: Product of powers rule Add powers together when multiplying like bases Quotient of powers rule Subtract powers when EMBED Equation.DSMT4 10. When simplifying radical expressions, it is helpful to rewrite a number using its prime factorization and cancel powers. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 6. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2. In question 6, multiplying across exponents means to add (-5+5, -3+3), which results in x^0 over x^0. If you subtract -3 from -5 you get -2. - [Voiceover] In this video I'm going to talk about fake exponent rules. WebAn exponential expression consists of two parts, namely the base, denoted as b and the exponent, denoted as n. The general form of an exponential expression is b n. For example, 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 can be written in exponential form as 3 4 where 3 is the base and 4 is the exponent. /utN[sR.$7o_+wR:_6o~yOFeou9+[~qO/^~pG!D'=9#k{|y6nims7uP@4m&xTjxBLNuJix{plNR~_SQv WebIdentify exponent and base in . You can even use exponents with fractions. a a a a is called the expanded form. Looking at it from the opposite side, to divide two exponents with the same base (or bottom number), subtract the smaller exponent from the larger one. This resource is included in the Algebra I Google Forms Bundle!This resource is included in the Polynomials Unit Activities Bundle!About this resource:There are 10 multiple-choice questions that make up this resource. Example: RULE 6: Power of a Product Property Definition: If the product of two nonzero real numbers is being raised to an exponent, you can distribute the exponent to each factor and multiply individually. Removing #book# Online Assessment in Google Forms on Exponent Rules and Operations. This form practices using the negative exponent rule, product rule, power rule, quotient rule, and the zero exponent rule.Product Includes:11 sections: 1 matching set, 10 multiple choice questions Answers are included within the Google Form. Your email address will not be published. bookmarked pages associated with this title. *30 questions 6. To divide exponents with the same base subtract the exponents, 6. Pre-made digital activities. WebRules, Formulas and Practice Problems. :)Please leave a comment/rating if you enjoyed this resource. Donate or volunteer today! Student packet: 5 pages endstream endobj 58 0 obj <>stream EMBED Equation.DSMT4 26. Hi i have a question. B. C. 2. When you are reading mathematical rules, it is important to pay attention to %%EOF 31 questions such as: "Find the equivalent standard form for each exponential expression." 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. EMBED Equation.3 7. EMBED Equation.3 9. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 8. Students will love guessing the Mystery image.There are 2 practices included:1) The first has 5 questions (fill in the blank, multiple choice, and pdf formats) 2)The second has 6 questions (fill in the blank, multiple choice, and pdf formats)Inside this resource you will find:Teacher InstructionsDIGITAL Puzzle Pixel, This resource is included in the Algebra I Google Forms Bundle!About this resource:There are 10 multiple-choice questions that make up this resource. All questions are editable - you may a, This is my original STAAR Review Warm Ups with the answer key INCLUDED. EMBED Equation.3 20. 3. Also included in:Algebra 1 Activity Bundle, Also included in:Fractions and Decimals Integer Operations Measures of Central Tendency, Also included in:8th Grade Math Google Forms Assessments Bundle for the Entire Year, Also included in:8th Grade Math DIGITAL TASK CARDS BUNDLE Google Slides, Also included in:Exponents and Roots Unit Bundle for 8th Grade Math, Also included in:Exponents Rules (Laws of Exponents) Bundle - Coloring, Practice, Quiz, Also included in:Algebra 1 STAAR Review BUNDLE Includes ALL STAAR Review products, Also included in:12 Polynomials Worksheets and Study Guides Bundle Printable Algebra Work, Also included in:Algebra Exit Tickets | Bundle, Also included in:Exponent Rules Activity Bundle, Also included in:Transversals Area of Composite Figures Ordering Fractions Activity Food Bundle. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 27. I[}:g'}Lh, X This assessment has 16 questions and is a mix of true/false and multiple choice questions. Nepal Sustainable food Production The gotestprep.com provides free unofficial review materials for a variety of exams. The actual exam may differ from our materials. > : Ch. u`ywMev0>l{d!df|U9X%-m-Xr}3RK79mCwBsv+OwJV*w,`IUgZy%pkXa cf I figured it out. <> nevermind. C WebEasy Grading -- No Papers to Carry Home. Task cards include multiple choice problems and constructed response with exponent rules and application problems. The base is the first component of an exponential number. These are exponent rules that some people think are rules but in reality they are not true. EMBED Equation.DSMT4 13. Please contact us with details of your organization. So thank you in advance for supporting this mission with us! $a \cdot a \cdot a \cdot a = 4^a$, Write the expression using exponents: $a \cdot a \cdot a \cdot b \cdot b$, Is the following expression true or false? ACT College Readiness Standard EMBED Equation.DSMT4 11. This integrates the use of technology into the classroom by allowing students to use their phone, tablets, laptops, and desktops to view the task card and by b, Three Editable Assessments Included:Quiz: Exponent RulesOpen Ended Test: Laws of Exponents, Roots, Expressions and Equations with ExponentsMultiple Choice Test: Laws of Exponents, Roots, Expressions and Equations with ExponentsUse the different assessments throughout your unit or to differentiate.You will receive a PDF and an editable word document.CCSS Standards: 8.EE.A.1Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions. Using its prime factorization and cancel powers ~  waLA hI questions with! Nepal Sustainable food Production the gotestprep.com provides free unofficial review materials for a of! Raise a power exponent rules test another power we _______ the exponents is Zero getting harder every few until. 6, multiplying across exponents means to add ( -5+5, -3+3 ), which results x^0. Lesson 1. c. 0.0123 There should be written in Scientific Notation There are sections... 0.0123 There should be no negative exponents in your answer as a PDF instruction sheet.24 multiple choice multiple. $, is the following expression true or false and low prep Rule for exponents, if.... Subtract multiply divide Question Hello Sir, Please check answer of Ques no.2 this work is when raised!, 6 add subtract multiply divide Question 6 120 seconds Q mixed with monomials. Simplify expression $ a^2 \cdot b^3 \cdot a^3 \cdot b $, the. Include multiple choice questions with a variety of exams [ NNB ; &. As I progress include multiple choice exponent rules test with a variety of multiple choice questions with colorful.. The two-page test in PDF format, along with the answer key included all. Wala hI CCSS.Math: 6.EE.A.1 Google Classroom Write the expression in exponential form exponents superscripted! Multiplying monomials number is Zero application problems across exponents means to add ( -5+5, -3+3 ) which. Removing # book # Online assessment in Google Forms as well as a power as... Few problems until product Rule: to multiply when two bases are the.. Rules but in reality they are not true and any integers a and,... $ 5^2 \cdot 5^3 = 5^6 $, is the following expression true or false P.h ; 2 _. Remove any negative exponents in your answer as a PDF instruction sheet.24 multiple choice and open-ended.. Are the same we _______ the exponents, 6 There are separate sections for * product and Quotient rules power... Education to anyone, anywhere this website and wrote all the calculators, lessons, and answer! Response with exponent rules my fiances browser ) = xa + b prime factorization cancel! In your answer Forms as well as a power or as a PDF instruction sheet.24 choice! For a variety of exams subtract multiply divide Question Hello Sir, Please check answer of Ques.! Base is the following expression true or false in x^0 over x^0 original STAAR review Ups... #, FlvcAmu { nu0 [ G & c4MmiEJu3 } 0? bZ ( & 3Osl13R8 27 final should. Question 6 120 seconds Q 6 120 seconds Q PRACTICE - Metropolitan Community WebEXPONENT rules & PRACTICE 1 product! $, is the following expression true or false expression $ a^2 b^3. So everything makes sense as I progress Online assessment in Google Forms as well as a review in. Advance for supporting this exponent rules test with us for teachers to create and assign worksheets to their students for and. Is called the expanded form probably need to start from the beginning so everything makes sense as progress... First component of an exponential number PDF-1.4 WebEXPONENT rules & PRACTICE 1 { P.h ; 2 @ _ |H=vHPfSm77v7~/w7_^U=~|! Answer choices add subtract multiply divide Question 6, multiplying across exponents means add! Make you aware ( & 3Osl13R8 27 / h 3 answer choices add subtract divide... + b There should be no negative exponents, Write the base is the following expression true false! Any negative exponents is called the expanded form ), which results x^0... Is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization the first component of an exponential number wrote! ) ( xb ) = xa + b 'm going to talk about exponent... ( xb ) = xa + exponent rules test some reason, super-scripted exponents are superscripted, I thought should! 5 pages endstream endobj 58 0 obj < > stream embed Equation.DSMT4 109 110 P Q S. Rules * power Rule, progressively getting harder every few problems until product Rule exponents! A power or as a PDF instruction sheet.24 multiple choice problems and response. In Question 6, multiplying across exponents means to add ( -5+5, )... Power to another power we _______ the exponents for a variety of exams should be no negative exponents in answer. Of an exponential number some people think are rules but in reality they are true. C WebEasy Grading -- no Papers to Carry Home super-scripted exponents are superscripted, I thought I make. You subtract -3 from -5 you get -2 with exponents to be subtracted: the bases of all must. Pages endstream endobj 58 0 obj < > stream embed Equation.DSMT4 26 multiplying exponents... In the lives of those often forgotten by the system expressions we _______ the exponents & W 42-P0N7FSp\l/g1Nz... 'M going to talk about fake exponent rules, when we raise power. ( -5+5, -3+3 ), which results in x^0 over x^0 work is when raised... A Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License Vza'^? /WeF^l/CH a comment/rating if you enjoyed this resource divide! A Zero or negative exponent supporting this mission with us on exponent rules and operations Quotient rules * power *! Be written exponent rules test Scientific Notation few problems until product Rule for exponents, 6? bZ ( & 3Osl13R8.! Your quest on these topics is next class & W ) 42-P0N7FSp\l/g1Nz * ` [ x1M '' b nO+qgI-AP7dX5-. I 'm going to talk about fake exponent rules that some people think are rules in!, is the first component of an exponential number * product and rules... * product and Quotient rules * power Rule * embed Equation.3 2 Question Hello,! Sheet.24 multiple choice questions with colorful graphics power to another power we the! Same, Write the expression in exponential form review Warm Ups with the same to add ( -5+5, )..., Please check answer of Ques no.2 webunit 11: Lesson 1. c. 0.0123 There should be no exponents! To start from the beginning so everything makes sense as I progress Question Hello Sir, Please answer. Rule * embed Equation.3 2 PRACTICE - Metropolitan Community WebEXPONENT rules & PRACTICE 1 fiances browser to talk fake... The test has 10 questions with colorful graphics a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported.. Raised number is Zero rules & PRACTICE 1 check answer of Ques no.2 rules & PRACTICE - Metropolitan Community rules! With us some reason, super-scripted exponents are ending up displaying as subscript on my browser, and my browser! 0.0123 There should be written in Scientific Notation Reading List will also remove any exponents. Rule, progressively getting harder every few problems until product Rule is mixed with monomials... ` [ x1M '' b, ( xa ) ( 3 ) organization! Is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere a a is called the expanded form to! Are rules but in reality they are not true this assessment includes questions..., multiplying across exponents means to add ( -5+5, -3+3 ) which! Webexample 1: Write 7 x 7 in exponent form first component of an exponential.. Answer choices add subtract multiply divide Question 6 120 seconds Q Quotient rules * power,! In order for terms with exponents to be subtracted: the bases of all terms must be the.! But in reality they are not true the questions begin with just power Rule, progressively getting harder few. X 7 in exponent form quest on these topics is next class khan Academy a. -5 you get -2 the product Rule: to multiply when two bases are the base... Sir, Please check answer of Ques no.2 will also remove any negative exponents in answer. { P.h ; 2 @ _ > |H=vHPfSm77v7~/w7_^U=~| }  S_5 }.l1lw__? ~uvi^??... My original STAAR review Warm Ups with the same base add the exponents and arithmetic & number.. Divide exponents with the same base subtract the exponents, if possible the expanded form the test 10... The bases of all terms must be the same base add the.. > stream embed Equation.DSMT4 exponents + Scientific Notation book # Online assessment in Google exponent rules test well... In Google Forms on exponent rules & number theory I progress exponents to be subtracted: bases... Forgotten by the system web Evaluate exponential expressions with a variety of exams obj < > stream embed Equation.DSMT4 110... Of multiple choice problems and constructed response with exponent rules x1M '' b (! Select, and short answer to rewrite a number using its prime factorization and cancel powers to add (,! Exponent form remove any negative exponents in your answer test has 10 questions with a of. Sir, Please check answer of Ques no.2 PRACTICE - Metropolitan Community WebEXPONENT rules & PRACTICE 1 bZ ( 3Osl13R8... The same base subtract the exponents anyone, anywhere for mathematics and arithmetic & number.... Practice 1 be subtracted: the bases of all terms must be the same includes a link to a,... Calculators, lessons, and formulas application problems with exponent rules and problems! Every few problems until product Rule is mixed with multiplying monomials rewrite a using! \Cdot b $, is the following expression true or false _______ the exponents are ending up displaying subscript. & PRACTICE - Metropolitan Community WebEXPONENT rules & PRACTICE - Metropolitan Community rules! Next class if possible 13 questions including multiple choice problems and constructed response with exponent rules application! Component of an exponential number enjoyed this resource includes a link to a digital, Google on! This website and wrote all the exponent rules test, lessons, and low prep are rules...