b) 100 meters Dead-end pores are only likely to impact the magnitude of the effective porosity when their volume makes up a significant portion of the sample. b) a depth equal to three times the wavelength of waves If a disturbed unconsolidated sample needs to be repacked into a container for porosity testing, it is best if the degree of compaction is noted for the native field conditions (e.g., by using a cone penetrometer or a standard penetration test). c) Mt. not lake, mountains, streams. c) beach along and ocean or lake For a rock to be permeable and for water to move through it, the pore spaces between the grains in the rock must be connected. c) counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere d) a change in climate of the region e) none of the above, A lava solidifies into non vesicular basalt instead of vesicular basalt because: 6. induces land subsidence, 1. creates a slope e) open ocean away from land, if a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains: Table 2 Ranges of total porosity and effective porosity values (data from Enviro Wiki Contributors, 2019). excess pumping e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, which of the following most likely indicates that the sea level has fallen relative to the land? a) artesian Both are related to the number, size, and connections of openings in the rock. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? b) the magnetic properties of hydrogen b) playa Access Package: Exploring Geology with CONNECT Plus 1-semester Access Card 3rd Edition Chapter 17 Problem 33MCQ solution now. a) most waves are generated by earthquakes and become larger upon approaching the shore b) scoria cone whose magmas are interacting with groundwater e) all of the above are common in deserts, e) all of the above are common in deserts, which of the following is a way that plate tectonics can affect the climate? b) for the parent atoms to decay into atoms half their original size c) deposition and burial However, groundwater, even flowing through rocks with hydraulic conductivities as high as 1 m per day, will only have a speed of around 3 103 m per day under the hydraulic gradient from the Chilterns to London, and will take thousands of years to travel the same distance. . 36. d) oversteepening of cliffs or hillslopes during road construction a) sunlight and photosynthesis For example, to determine the effective porosity of a granular earth material, a sample volume is collected, allowed to dry completely, and then water is introduced slowly to the base of the sample (so that air can escape from the top). c) compacted clay b) volcanic eruption d) oceanic trenches b) crystals of salt and other minerals that exert outward force on fractures b) most erosion along shorelines occurs from offshore currents Porosity determines the amount of water that a rock or sediment can contain. Permeability: a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to transmit fluids Porosity and permeability are related properties of any rock or loose sediment. b) near the poles 7. pore collapse. a) shale d.Porosity in Figures 14a to d are, respectively, 30-40%, 20-30%, 10-20%, less than 10%. d) aligned magnetic minerals within Earth's inner core, c) movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core, Which of the following is associated with mid-ocean ridges? a) Asia rifted apart form Europe Ideally, sample structure, the degree of compaction, particle packing, and density would be representative of field conditions, which is referred to as an undisturbed sample. c) a lake can gain water if it is lower then the water table in areas adjacent to the lake c. Cl2\mathrm{Cl}_2Cl2 will have a higher boiling point than Ar\mathrm{Ar}Ar. Groundwater is found in two zones. c) metamorphic a) s strong current c) dolostone Effective porosity values representing large volumes of earth materials can also be computed from field hydrogeological tracer testing where water containing a solute, dye, or isotope is injected into a groundwater system and its spread is monitored. Porosity tells the sampler how much fluid the ground can hold, and the permeability describes how easily and quickly fluid travels through it. c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty Porosity can be referred to or considered as the ability of the water to penetrate through the pores contained inside a rock, and the . Groundwater is water stored inside the Earth's soil and rock layers. d) V-shaped valleys c) P waves c) the sediment becomes more poorly sorted a) a hurricane or cyclone is occurring Materials 2023, 16, 1828. https: . d) 100 feet, wind moves sediment by: d) a and b only e) a and b only, Composite volcanoes are so called because they: less water - lower land Terminologies used in groundwater hydrology Although the earth's materials i . An aquifer is defined as a body of rock or unconsolidated sediment that has sufficient permeability to allow water to flow through it. water goes to reduce pressure. d) solidification and uplift, Of Earth's four overlapping spheres, which of the following does not involve material above Earth's surface? A well drilled into an aquifer under pressure, requiring no pumping to get water flow b)tar sands a) there are more pieces but the surface area does not change d) cleavage b) the relationship between regional elevations and thickness of crust. 6. attract more contaminants The actual speed of groundwater flow (v) is given by: where n is the porosity of the rock. Free drainage occurs because of the force of gravity pulling on the water. Two important factors help determine how good an aquifer is: Uploaded on Oct 30, 2014 Dorian Phelps + Follow water water table confined aquifers saturated zone lowered water table d) all of the above e) a and b only, where does the quartz in granite usually end up? Porosity is the amount of free space within a material. Take a look at all Open University courses. a) alluvial fan At the scale of laboratory investigations, careful attention to the conditions of the porous sample is required. It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. a) burial D. all of the above Which of the following is true about how a lake can relate to the water table? The saturated zone has a higher porosity than the unsaturated zone. a) steepness of slope c) depends a) the size of the clast increase e) none of the above, c) waves can erode, deposit, or simply transport sediment, factors that affect the appearance of a shoreline include: c) a line that connects all the high points on a topographic map In the case of groundwater, that material is the ground. e) a wide range in the size of clasts, which of the following places would not be a good place to visit a reef? characteristics found in all good aquifers. e) all of the above can be, which of the following is a common metamorphic process? b) well sorted coarse grained sediment What kind of boundary is most likely to have volcanoes and earthquakes associated with it pore spaces in the unsaturated zone contain air with no water, there is an unsaturated zone below some rivers. a) industry c) were first discovered on the island of Compostia in Italy e) open ocean away from land, which of these environments is least likely to deposit siltstone or shale? c) carrying finer material, like dust and silt, in air currents a) the glacier can slide over bedrock c) oceanic trenches Saint Helens CAS . e) all the above, which of the following does not affect the potential hazards of a shoreline ? c) abundant magma formed within a typical mid ocean ridge c) weather sea level has risen or fallen relative to the coast We used time-resolved (4-D) microtomographic data to capture the dynamic evolution of the porosity in layered NaCl-NaCl/biotite samples over 1619 and 1932 h of compaction. Which of the following is NOT true about the water table? e) metamorphism, A rock is subjected to differential stress, then it means that: 2. forms cone of depression b) oil and gas d) large, angular, poorly sorted clasts reflect a large amount of transportation d) gray granite Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. d) all of the above a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions Confining beds vary in permeability and . a) Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina e) all of the above, which of the following environments would likely have large clasts? B. b) steep slopes b) Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska After dissolution, porosity was greater than before dissolution, increasing by 0.140%, 0.038%, 0.042%, and 0.126%, respectively . b) a great variety of rock types as clasts d) compression that buckles the crust forming the ridge d) construction of dams for hydroelectric power what combination of porosity and permeability is best for an aquifer? a) elevation of the land surface near the shore c) melting of the entire thickness of the asthenosphere to produce magma b) quaternary Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. e) sand, gravel, and stone, geology 1301 - natural hazards & disasters, Combo with "Miller Ch 10 Geology Processes, H, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens. Figure 14 Porosity in unconsolidated sediments ((a) to (c)): (a) is well sorted, having high porosity; (b) is poorly sorted having low porosity; (c) has angular grains and low porosity; and in consolidated rocks ((d) to (f)): (d) has porosity diminished by cementation; (e) has solution porosity as it has partially dissolved; (f) has fracture porosity. -the amount of rainfall d) all of these b) daily heating and cooling of the seas, which causes seawater to contract and expand a) fractured granite The water content in the soil at saturation is equal to the percent porosity . Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. b) turbulence of the water is less important than the temp, which affects viscosity a) a compass needle would point south d) thousands of isotopic ages measured by different methods Soil texture can also affect soil porosity There are three main soil textures: sand, silt, and clay. b) compaction Groundwater moves from areas where the water table is low to areas where the water table is high. Sediments decrease in porosity as the angularity of the grains increases because the grains can pack more closely together, the bumps of some grains fitting into indentations in others (Figure 14c). Khalil and Monterio Santos (2009) analyzed the groundwater saturation relation with aquifer resistivity and hydraulic conductivity from Kozeny-Carman (KC) and Archie's second law. c) the rock broke apart as it flowed a) rock avalanche c) Delaware, Maryland b) coarse granite unsaturated zone- (above the water table) pore spaces filled with air, It is the boundary between the saturated zone and unsaturated zone; Below the water table, water fills pore spaces and can flow; Infiltrating water generally passes through the water table to become groundwater. c) hardness c) the lava flow breaks apart as it flows 3. landfills It is also possible that, when saturating the sample, some connected pores that are dead-ends will be included in the measurement and some will not (Figure 9). c) the crust is stronger d) municipal water, what is permafrost? b) channel of a meandering river b) the lava forms a ropy texture d) blowing salt crystals become incorporated into clouds and falls with the rainfall, c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty, which of the following are true about how a stream erodes material? c) huge shield volcano In the example above, 1 m 3 of soil (e.g. must drill deeper, Letter - Part 3 Type Styles and typeface desi, Chapt 2 Letters - part 2 Classification of Le. Much groundwater is used for irrigation. d) the abundance of ice in the north and south polar regions, c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule, Vertical intrusions are refereed to as? Groundwater Basin The underground area from which groundwater drains. In a material that holds groundwater, porosity. One type of secondary porosity is fracture porosity, caused by cracks in rocks (Figure 14f). c) ground water e) a and b only, what is the depth of wave base? d) the velocity and turbulence of the current d) smaller and more angular The effective porosity may equal, or be less than, the total porosity (n) of the sample (Table 1). e) a and b only, the term half life represents the time it takes: e) slate, oil that reaches the surface can form: In most cases, total porosity values reported for uncemented granular material and rocks with wellconnected pores and fractures can be used to represent effective porosity. e) a and b only, which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed? Another type of secondary porosity is solution porosity, which develops where part of a rock has been dissolved, leaving open spaces (Figure 14e). a) to observe the changes in the fossil record b) shallow continental seas 2. septic tanks We measure porosity by the percentage of empty space that exists within a particular porous media. a) there was a lot of gas in the magma For example, water flowing through a porous sandstone flows more slowly than water flowing through a granite or limestone when the porosity is provided by just one or two narrow fissures. a) a line that connects the peaks and valleys of an area b) steep slops the ability of a material to allow fluids to pass through an interconnected network of pores. c) a burner gives heat through the air without touching the object All Rights Reserved. a) well sorted sandstone d) contamination spreads out as it moves, forming a widening plume, d) contamination spreads out as it moves, forming a widening plume, most of the groundwater pumped in the US is used for: a) an abrupt change is the composition of the sediment a) S waves b) a change in the strength of the current a) when weakening of an ocean current results in cooler sea temp in the eastern pacific d) ice caps and glaciers The outflow maybe into a stream, lake, spring, wetland, etc. c) warm air flowing around the equator due to the Earth's rotation There are many ways to test porosity in a . 5. collapses pore space and d. number of formula units in 2.99gNaClO2.99 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{NaClO}2.99gNaClO d) granite b) magnetism water percolates straight down - pull of gravity, zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water d) it is converted into feldspar and weathers into clay, c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches, which of the following is not a source of material for soil? Permeability takes this pore space and connects the voids together so that water can pass through. c) a change in color c) limestone b) to one or more theories that help explain observed changes b) contamination moves opposite to the direction of groundwater flow e) radioactive decay, which of the following is not a common trigger for slope failure? d) Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio c.Rocks with rounded grains generally have a higher porosity than rocks with angular grains; for instance, example (a) has a higher porosity than example (c). . Dividing both sides of Darcy's law (Equation 1) by A gives: where q is the specific discharge, the volume of water flowing through unit cross-sectional area, i.e. Porosity (how well rock material holds water) is also affected by the shape of rock particles. D. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. e) change their mineralogy, a) smaller and rounder as they are transported, When a plate boundary changes its orientation, it can change from: b) abundant magma produced within a subduction zone closed-cell foam).. d) petroleum b) a glacier can move by internal shear and flow d) the rock cooled slowly can hold water. d) all the rocks were deposited with the oldest on the bottom, Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because: Groundwater is slightly acidic because a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). e) both a and c, Which of the following landscape features is not common in deserts? C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. Lassen, A hot spot is interpreted to have formed from: c) past events, such as landslides and earthquakes However, in some cases, physical sampling methods may increase or decrease the sample porosity. In groundwater assessments, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater that is of most interest. c) a change in the supply of sediment c) ice and snow that are permanently in motion The main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down is: Geology can help us learn about Earth's past by studying. Even so, the packing arrangement will differ, and thus laboratory measurements using recompacted samples provide only approximations of the field effective porosity values. b) the water table intersect, or is higher than, the surface in many lakes from confined aquifer B. . It is written as either a decimal fraction between 0 and 1 or as a percentage. when groundwater is extracted (overpumping) and the grains are compacted to fill the empty space The stream in this scenario is the location with the lowest hydraulic potential, so the groundwater that flows to the lower parts of the aquifer has to flow upward to reach this location. 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