However, his actions at Saint-Jean and Valcour Island played a notable role in delaying the British advance against Ticonderoga until 1777. Understand why Benedict Arnold spied for the British during the American Revolutionary War. [116] Delivery of his first ship the Lord Sheffield was accompanied by accusations from the builder that Arnold had cheated him; Arnold claimed that he had merely deducted the contractually agreed amount when the ship was delivered late. Major-General Nathanael Greene (August 7 [O.S. He joined the growing American army outside of Boston, and distinguished himself by acts that demonstrated intelligence and bravery: In 1775, he captured Fort Ticonderoga. [citation needed], He then continued on to Philadelphia where he met with members of Congress about his rank. [149] The faculty club at the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton has a Benedict Arnold Room in which letters written by Arnold hang on the walls. Apparently, Arnold also had self-confidence issues and his new wife Peggy wasn't helping the situation. He also provided information on a proposed French-American invasion of Quebec that was to go up the Connecticut River (Arnold did not know that this proposed invasion was a ruse intended to divert British resources). He wrote that he was "very much shocked" and wondered "good God, are the Americans all asleep and tamely giving up their liberties, or are they all turned philosophers, that they don't take immediate vengeance on such miscreants? 8. [71], By July 1779, Arnold was providing the British with troop locations and strengths, as well as the locations of supply depots, all the while negotiating over compensation. The second was Benedict Arnold. He did, however, investigate its extent, and suggested that he was willing to exchange Andr for Arnold during negotiations with Clinton concerning Andr's fate. In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned as a brigadier general in the British Army, and placed in command of the American Legion. 10 interesting facts about st benedict. [114] His reputation also came under criticism in the British press, especially when compared to Major Andr who was celebrated for his patriotism. [26], On February 22, 1767, Arnold married Margaret Mansfield, daughter of Samuel Mansfield, the sheriff of New Haven and a fellow member in the local Masonic Lodge. He was also convicted of two minor charges of using his authority to make a profit. While this is the case, no power in this country could suddenly place you in the situation you aim at under the East India Company. One plaque bears only a rank and a date but no name: "major general born 1740". When the British took control of Philadelphia in 1777, Peggy met John Andr, a charming, well-educated British officer. American, then British officer after defecting during the US Revolutionary War (17401801), For other people named Benedict Arnold, see, Raids in Virginia and Connecticut colonies, Arnold's birth records indicate that he was born January 3, 1740 (, One British pound in 1776 would be worth about 160 in 2019. By early July, he was back in Philadelphia, where he wrote another secret message to Clinton on July 7 which implied that his appointment to West Point was assured and that he might even provide a "drawing of the works by which you might take [West Point] without loss". How did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? He had requested to resign multiple times after being refused promotions and, from December 1779 to January 1780, was court-martialed because of multiple charges of misconduct. Benedict Arnold's name might be the first that comes to mind when we think of treason not just because he was a traitor, but because he was such an unlikely one. [60] Some of this communication was effected through the services of Joseph Stansbury, a Philadelphia merchant.[61]. He returned to the army at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, in May 1778 to the applause of men who had served under him at Saratoga. Benedict Arnold's name has become infamous for his treacherous acts regarding the fort at West Point, which he was in command of, and his very name has even become a synonym for either treason or betrayal. [18] On one of his voyages, he fought a duel in Honduras with a British sea captain who had called him a "damned Yankee, destitute of good manners or those of a gentleman". [119] The most serious of these was a slander suit which he won against a former business partner; and following this, townspeople burned him in effigy in front of his house, as Peggy and the children watched. The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17751776, Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17771779, A Proclamation to the Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army, "The Crypt Center Church on the Green New Haven, CT", 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200008, "Independence National Historical Park: History of the President's House", "The Culper Spy Ring American Revolution", "Loyal American Regiment Historical Treks", "Native Norwich Is Ignoring Benedict Arnold", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath Of Treason", Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7, "In Commemoration of Arnold's Expedition to Quebec", "Letter: Some recognize Gen. Arnold as true hero of the Revolutionary War", "By Brigadier-General Arnold, A proclamation to the officers and soldiers of the Continental army who have the real interest of their country at heart, and who are determined to be no longer the tools and dupes of Congress, or France [Signed]", "Netflix's America: The Motion Picture fails at just about everything", "Netflix's 'America: The Motion Picture' knows who its audience is. Benedict Arnold was an American Senior Officer during the Revolutionary War. 5. [107], The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured. In April of 1775, after learning about the conflicts at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, Arnold organized his men in preparation for a march to Cambridge to aid in the fight against the British . He received a colonel's commission in the Continental Army for this expedition and left Cambridge in September 1775 with 1,100 men. A historical marker in Danvers, Massachusetts commemorates Benedict Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec Bayley Seton Hospital in the Clifton section of Staten Island was named in part for Richard Bayley, father of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton He followed up that action with a bold raid on Fort Saint-Jean on the Richelieu River north of Lake Champlain. He was convicted of disorderly conduct and fined the relatively small amount of 50 shillings; publicity of the case and widespread sympathy for his views probably contributed to the light sentence. [132], Early biographers attempted to describe Arnold's entire life in terms of treacherous or morally questionable behavior. "[32], Arnold began the war as a captain in the Connecticut militia, a position to which he was elected in March 1775. In 1776, he deployed defensive and delay tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island in Lake Champlain that gave American forces time to prepare New York's defenses. He won a victory at Fort Stanwix (now Rome) in August 1777 and commanded advance battalions at the Battle of Saratoga that autumn, fighting brilliantly until seriously wounded. July 27] 1742 - June 19, 1786) was an American military officer and planter who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.He emerged from the war with a reputation as one of George Washington's most talented and dependable officers, and is known for his successful command in the Southern theater of the conflict. Samuel Spring carried him to the makeshift hospital at the Htel Dieu. Arnold's name had become synonymous with the word traitor. In the winter of 1782, he and Peggy moved to London, England. Clinton refused this suggestion; after a military tribunal, Andr was hanged at Tappan, New York, on October 2. Arnold purchased large tracts of land in the Maugerville area, and acquired city lots in Saint John and Fredericton. Benedict Arnold's name is synonymous with the word traitor. [94], Andr was captured near Tarrytown, New York, on Saturday, September 23, by three Westchester militiamen. [58] She married Arnold on April 8, 1779. [113] George Johnstone turned him down for a position in the East India Company and explained: "Although I am satisfied with the purity of your conduct, the generality do not think so. Among others, he shared the name with his father and. His father was arrested on several occasions for public drunkenness, was refused communion by his church, and died in 1761. Benedict Arnold was named brigadier general by the British government and sent on raids to . Before it could be carried out, however, minutemen captured John Andr and informed General George Washingtonof the plot. In the United States, the name of Benedict Arnold is synonymous with treason. For his services he was restored to his proper relative rank. Through his maternal grandmother, Arnold was a descendant of John Lothropp, an ancestor of six presidents. Arnold benefited from his relationship with Mansfield, who became a partner in his business and used his position as sheriff to shield him from creditors. His first name was actually Enoch. With the permission of his master, Armistead enlisted in the Revolutionary War under General Lafayette. January 14, 1741, in Norwich Connecticut. [108], On his return to New York in June, Arnold made a variety of proposals for attacks on economic targets to force the Americans to end the war. Some historians suggested an Arnold liaison in New Brunswick, but Canadian historian Barry Wilson noted the weakness of this traditional account. [1] Benedict Arnold was born on Jan. 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. Again he tried to resign, but in July he accepted a government order to help stem the British advance into upper New York. Wilson believes that the explanation most consistent with the available documentation is that Sage was either the result of a liaison before Arnold left England or that he was Arnold's grandson by one of his older children. Jul 4, 2020, 05:04 AM EDT | Updated Jul 4, 2020. [33], The Second Continental Congress authorized an invasion of Quebec, in part on the urging of Arnoldbut he was passed over for command of the expedition. An epidemic of yellow fever ravaged Arnold's family in the 1750s, however, claiming three of his . His father was also called Benedict Arnold and his mother's name was Hannah Waterman King. Arnold escaped; Andr was hanged. Arnold's early life consisted of study at some of the Continent's best private schools. Clinton was uninterested in most of his aggressive ideas, but finally authorized him to raid the port of New London, Connecticut. Neither side knew for some days that the other was in agreement with that offer, due to difficulties in getting the messages across the lines. [45] He then distinguished himself in both Battles of Saratoga, even though General Gates removed him from field command after the first battle, following a series of escalating disagreements and disputes that culminated in a shouting match. [34], Arnold then traveled to Montreal where he served as military commander of the city until forced to retreat by an advancing British army that had arrived at Quebec in May. Odell was a Loyalist working with William Franklin, the last colonial governor of New Jersey and the son of Benjamin Franklin. (Benedict Cumberbatch doesn't count; he's British.) He later said in his own defense that he was loyal to his true beliefs, yet he lied at the same time by insisting that Peggy was totally innocent and ignorant of his plans. For a time, he was a successful businessman, but after yellow fever took the lives of three of the Arnold children, the patriarch was devastated. He led a small contingent of militia attempting to stop or slow the British return to the coast in the Battle of Ridgefield, and was again wounded in his left leg. However, Arnold was a prominent figure in the American Revolution and, for a time, was a distinguished war hero who simply became . He hoped that this work would earn him wider respect and a new command; instead, it earned him and his sons a land-grant of 15,000 acres (6,100ha) in Upper Canada,[122] near present-day Renfrew, Ontario. But You Probably Don't Know His Whole Story Illustration showing Major General Benedict Arnold (1741 - 1801) rallying the American troops. [67], Early in May 1779, Arnold met with Philadelphia merchant Joseph Stansbury[c] who then "went secretly to New York with a tender of [Arnold's] services to Sir Henry Clinton". Angry and frustrated, Arnold resigned his military command of Philadelphia in late April. Answer (1 of 54): Go up to most British people and ask who Benedict Arnold was, and you will get a resounding "who?" back. After the war, he petitioned to have Vermont become a state. This meeting was thwarted when British gunboats in the river fired on his boat, not being informed of his impending arrival. One colonel wrote to Clinton concerning Arnold: "There are many officers who must wish some other general in command. [3] Arnold was buried at St. Mary's Church in Battersea, England. [55], Arnold lived extravagantly in Philadelphia and was a prominent figure on the social scene. Interview with Philbrick in Michael Dolan, "Hero And Villain,", Julie Courtwright, "Whom Can We Trust Now? He helped organize militia forces on British-held islands, receiving praise from the landowners for his efforts on their behalf. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. A pharmacist by trade, the 34-year-old Arnold joined the rebellion in 1775. She couldand did. After formal inquiries, he was usually acquitted, but Congress investigated his finances and determined that he was indebted to Congress, and that he had borrowed money heavily to maintain a lavish lifestyle. Historians have identified many possible factors contributing to Arnold's treason, while some debate their relative importance. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Peggy Shippen, or Margaret Shippen (July 11, 1760 - August 24, 1804), was the second wife of General Benedict Arnold (following Margaret Mansfield, who died in 1775). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [106] This activity brought out Virginia's militia led by Colonel Sampson Mathews, and Arnold eventually retreated to Portsmouth to be reinforced or to evacuate. [62], Wetherell says that the shortest explanation for his treason is that he "married the wrong person". [11], Arnold was very close to his mother, who died in 1759. [54] Such schemes were not uncommon among American officers, but Arnold's schemes were sometimes frustrated by powerful local politicians such as Joseph Reed, who eventually amassed enough evidence to publicly air charges against him. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. After trying and failing to hand the fort at West Point over to the British, he joined the Royal Army and took . Arnold was planning to surrender the fort there to British forces, but the plot was discovered in September 1780, whereupon he fled to the British lines. Some theatrical treatments of the 19th century explored his duplicity, seeking to understand rather than demonize it. A colonial resident by birth, Arnold made his living as a merchant before joining the American military to defend against the British. [86], Arnold's command at West Point also gave him authority over the entire American-controlled Hudson River, from Albany down to the British lines outside New York City. [10] His apprenticeship with the Lathrops lasted seven years. BENEDICT ARNOLD REMAINS the most notorious man in American history, his name a synonym for traitor. "Arnold, Benedict (17411801)". Benedict Arnold High School Gallery Official Name Benedict Arnold High School Location Details Universe Earth-Twelve Country United States of America First Appearance Adventures of Bob Hope #95 ( November, 1965) Contents 1 History 2 Residents 2.1 Students and Alumni 2.2 Faculty 3 Notes 4 See Also History This article is a stub. What does it mean to call someone a Benedict Arnold? The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Shy, John. "[108] Cornwallis ignored Arnold's advice to locate a permanent base away from the coast, advice that might have averted his surrender at Yorktown. "[88] At the same time, he tried to drain West Point's supplies so that a siege would be more likely to succeed. "[65] A few days later, Arnold wrote to Greene and lamented over the "deplorable" and "horrid" situation of the country at that particular moment, citing the depreciating currency, disaffection of the army, and internal fighting in Congress, while predicting "impending ruin" if things did not change soon. This plan very nearly succeeded, but Arnold changed living quarters prior to sailing for Virginia in December and thus avoided capture. British reinforcements arrived in late March led by William Phillips who served under Burgoyne at Saratoga. [44], Arnold returned to the Hudson where General Gates had taken over command of the American army, which had retreated to a camp south of Stillwater. His physicians diagnosed him as having dropsy, and a visit to the countryside only temporarily improved his condition. For additional information about Arnold's amazing career as a Continental officer, consult James Kirby Martin, Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered (New York, 1997). The September 21 meeting with British Major John Andre was a disaster for both men. On August 15, he received a coded letter from Andr with Clinton's final offer: 20,000[b] and no indemnification for his losses. Arnold was promoted to brigadier general for his role in reaching Quebec, and he maintained an ineffectual siege of the city until he was replaced by Major General David Wooster in April 1776. [66] Biographer Nathaniel Philbrick argues: Peggy Shippen did have a significant role in the plot. [75], Arnold's court martial on charges of profiteering began meeting on June 1, 1779, but it was delayed until December 1779 by Clinton's capture of Stony Point, New York, throwing the army into a flurry of activity to react. [27] Their son Benedict was born the following year[28] and was followed by brothers Richard in 1769 and Henry in 1772. Besides, I would argue that even if the British d. Arnold's childhood was marred by tragedy; by age 20, he was an orphan struggling to make his way in the world as an apothecary. "Whom Can We Trust Now? Soon after Ticonderoga, Arnold brought his men on a dangerous trek through the . [91][92] This action did little damage besides giving the captain, Andrew Sutherland, a splinter in his nosebut the splinter prompted the Vulture to retreat,[93] forcing Andr to return to New York overland. [40] In February 1777, he learned that he had been passed over by Congress for promotion to major general. The absent name is Benedict Arnold, a name now synonymous with "traitor." Many Americans understand why his name has been erased from the chapel of the garrison he once commanded. At his request, a court martial was held to clear his name. A Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June; Arnold had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. Discussions had not borne fruit between Schuyler and Washington by early June. Born in 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire (part of the famous 'Potteries' and now a district of Stoke-on-Trent), Enoch Arnold Bennett was named after his father, a solicitor. She was a close friend of British major John Andr and kept in contact with him when he became head of the British espionage system in New York. Brown was particularly vicious, publishing a handbill which claimed of Arnold, "Money is this man's God, and to get enough of it he would sacrifice his country". In December 1780, Arnold was given command of British forces sent to raid Virginia. After the usual exchange of greetings I ventured to request from him some letters of introduction to his friends in America. He knew that he was distrusted and disliked by senior military officers on both sides. Four days later, Arnold sent a ciphered letter with similar content into New York through the services of the wife of a prisoner of war. Later Arnold revealed to the British that he expected to receive the command of American forces at West Point, New York, and agreed to surrender that garrison to them for 20,000. Peggy's Childhood Peggy was the daughter of Edward Shippen and born into a prominent Philadelphia family. After Arnold was wounded in 1777, George Washington named him military governor of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, recently abandoned by the British. The first major biography of his life was The Life and Treason of Benedict Arnold, published in 1832 by historian Jared Sparks; it was particularly harsh in showing how Arnold's treacherous character was formed out of childhood experiences. As early as 1778, there were signs that Arnold was unhappy with his situation and pessimistic about the country's future. [11], In 1755, Arnold was attracted by the sound of a drummer and attempted to enlist in the provincial militia for service in the French and Indian War, but his mother refused permission. Sage's gravestone indicates that he was born on April 14, 14, 1786, a date roughly confirmed by Arnold's will, which stated that Sage was 14 when Arnold wrote it in 1800. His father's alcoholism and ill health kept him from training Arnold in the family mercantile business, but his mother's family connections secured an apprenticeship for him with her cousins Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, who operated a successful apothecary and general merchandise trade in Norwich. The crowd of hundreds of people was quiet. Arnold demanded a court martial to clear the charges, writing to Washington in May 1779: "Having become a cripple in the service of my country, I little expected to meet ungrateful returns". He presided over the rear of the Continental Army during its retreat from Saint-Jean, where he was reported by James Wilkinson to be the last person to leave before the British arrived. [88], On August 30, Arnold sent a letter accepting Clinton's terms and proposing a meeting to Andr through yet another intermediary: William Heron, a member of the Connecticut Assembly whom he thought he could trust. [103] Legend has it that, when he was on his deathbed, he said, "Let me die in this old uniform in which I fought my battles. His difficult time in New Brunswick led historians to summarize it as full of "controversy, resentment, and legal entanglements" and to conclude that he was disliked by both Americans and Loyalists living there. The sacrifice of Andr made Arnold odious to loyalists, and his reputation was further tarnished among his former neighbours when he led a raid on New London, Connecticut, in September 1781. -Benedict Arnold, January, 1780. [70] This initial letter opened a discussion on the types of assistance and intelligence that Arnold might provide, and included instructions for how to communicate in the future. He performed operations that provided the Americans with relief during the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and key actions during the pivotal 1777 Battles of Saratoga, in which he sustained leg injuries that put him out of combat career for several years. 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