The cubic fit is shown by R squared values of .396 and .331 and, the regression is able to predict between two and three times as many of the points as the linear regression. The p-value remains, as it should at zero, when the regression was plotted in Graph 5, 6 the R squared value showed little improvement, few points are still predicted by the regressed line. The first setup (Figure 1) was used to measure tension vs time for strings with different temperature exposure histories. What is the effect of. Tension was recorded throughout the process. For this reason, you will often notice that the players performance during the summer is different from their performance in winter. But because stress relaxation occurs at varying rates both before and after achievement of target tension, the magnitude of tension loss during the relaxation period (i.e., after the racquet has been strung) does not necessarily correlate to the total relaxation that has occurred nor to the final stiffness of the string. The result is more viscous behavior with chains slipping, sliding, and reorienting relative to each other. The thing that is changing is the temperature of the tennis ball. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from LIVESTRONG: http://www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Wikipedia. Elongation. As the molecules expand, their energy increases as they bounce around more erratically. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from LIVESTRONG: http://www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, Incorporation, I. Setup #1 Tension vs timing of heat application. So, for the most part, adapting to weather or other environmental conditions can usually be done relatively quickly. Temperature Cubic ANOVA. Figure 6 Composite view of tension loss by string and temperature history (indexed in order of tension loss at room temperature of 20 C). Does Temperature Affect How High a Tennis Ball Will Bounce? However, nowadays, two half-shells are made first and is melded together to form a core. Why Is String Stiffness So Important To Power? Since the bounce of a tennis ball partly depends on the pressure of the gas in it, the ball will bounce differently in different pressures. You will also have a more comfortable time working out the heights to which the balls can rebound, and as such, your experiment will go on more easily. Easy Experiment. Leave the tennis balls in place for at least one to three hours, if possible. Time out of the can does pose a significant relationship, although that relationship can not be proven with the data from this experiment. Repeat steps 1-3 but keep the ball in a refrigerator. It wasnt more than just a leisurely activity until the game found its way back into Italy, once the Roman empire collapsed. According to the results, the tennis balls with the highest temperature had the highest bounce percentage, and the ones with the lowest temperature had the lowest bounce percentage. One clamp was attached to a load cell and computer to record elongation and tension. The stiffness, k, is calculated as k = dF/dx, where dF is the increase in the force when elongation increases by dx. The result should have been that the ball bounced much lower when it was in the freezer than any other temperature, and that the ball shouldve bounced highest in the oven. Table 9: Ball 1 vs. Two variables will be omitted in the study, how much the ball is played with and different court surfaces. In general, players can compensate by adjusting playing style as well as making technical tweaks to their rackets and stringing configurations. The other end was attached to a hand crank that pulled the clamp in the rig to stretch the string. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_ball, Your email address will not be published. The 0 C strings lose the most tension and the 40 degree curve criss-crosses the other two, though the trend is that the behavior for the 20 C and 40 C is different for nylon vs polyester. The hypothesis was: If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is increased, then it will bounce higher. Thermometer (Wikipedia, 2012)Traditional tennis balls were also made from a spherical stitchedenvelopeof leather or cloth stuffed with rags, horsehair or similar material. According to Aleks Szymanski from tennisletics.com, tennis balls are hollow and contain air that expands in the event of high temperatures, causing the balls to bounce more freely. Leave 2 out for 10 mins so they can come to room temperature. The air molecules inside the ball will also move around slowly and tend to have less energy when the ball has been cooled down, meaning that the ball will have a lower bounce when you drop it to the ground. With an increase in the temperature, the gas molecules within the tennis ball start to expand. Temperature were Plotted in 15, 16 both again show similar patterns indicating a upward trend in the data and poor randomness, both would be considered poor indications of a good fit. Setup #1 Tension vs timing of heat application. Hypothesis: The normal tennis ball will bounce higher than the tennis ball that was placed in the freezer for some time as the air molecule inside are not affected but for the cool tennis ball its air is compressed affecting its bounce. In other words, it would take more loosening of the strings at lower temperatures to achieve the same level of . If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is decreased, the balls bounce will be lower. Tension is a component of stiffness. In the study, they considered strings of different materials under different temperatures. When a tennis ball hits the ground, the force presses against the ball, pushing the bottom surface of the ball in to the core and compressing the gas inside of it. Molecules of a gas can effortlessly expand and contract. A typical result is shown in Figure 5 at 20 C. Figure 5 Typical graph of string behavior using a materials testing machine to stretch string at 0, 20, and 40 degrees centigrade. What players feel when hitting in various temperature conditions is the combined effect. It uses a lot of muscle memory. The difference in stiffness between temperatures for each string was greater for the nylon strings. Even amateur players consider the effects important enough to open a new can every couple of days. Tennis drills and practices train your muscles to react faster, smoothly and naturally. As bonds break and reorient, tension decreases. That is precisely what happened in the experiment. Figure 6 shows the result of post-heating for each string. Thank you, this explanation was very concise and helpful. When a ball drops gravity pulls it down to the ground. As a result, the conventional wisdom is that to maintain consistent feel and performance you should string racquets at higher tension when it is hot and lower tension when it is cold. Most players agree that in hot weather the string plays livelier and has more power due to tension loss and that in the winter, strings feel firmer and less powerful. The molecules that make up gas are relatively unorganized; they readily slide around and over one another to fill up any space they occupy. Any type of extreme temperature, whether hot or cold, will cause undue wear on the strings. Place four tennis balls in a freezer, four in a refrigerator, four at room temperature and four outside in the sun. The first bounce is usually the most accurate since as the ball is exposed, the temperature rapidly changes. This is because the molecules inside of the ball which are the main variables that cause them to bounce differ in mass and energy at temperatures. I chose to perform the ab crunch for my abs. Gas molecules are generally unorganized; they easily slide around and over one another to fill up any space they occupy. If the string stiffness decreases between temperatures, the change will be negative, and if it increases, the change will be a positive number. A string was secured between two clamps 200 mm apart at start and running through a clear perspex tube with rubber plugs in each end. The tennis serve begins with flexion of the knee joint caused by the hamstrings. Then, analyze the information. While high temperature and high humidity are technically different measures, they often occur together. While we think primarily about the effect of temperature on rackets and their strings, theres one thing that is also significantly affected by high temperatures: the balls themselves. Results for Setup #1 tension loss vs timing of heat application. Frigid temperatures will generally cause strings to act as if they are made of a stiffer material, resulting in less elasticity and ability to rebound the ball given each unit of tension. Controlled variables: Refrigerator/freezer stopsworking, there is no heat source, room temperature is extremely hot, video camera has bad graphics and one cannot clearly see things recorded, height from which the ball is dropped. Record it. The question of concern was whether adding heat after stabilization would start (or accelerate) tension loss. Then, drop the ball from a height of one meter. 4.Tennis ball D was placed in the preheated oven for 90 minutes. Signature: ___________________________________________________. This is because the gas molecules inside the ball expand . After the tennis ball reforms into its original shape, the gas inside the ball pushes back up and causes the ball to bounce into the air. Here, weve detailed some of the main ways in which the weather and environment can influence not only the way tennis strings react and work but also the match overall. Knowing this can help your scores. The physiology of a tennis ball contains a hollow core made out of a rubber-like material. While a temperature change in one direction has a high-bouncing effect, a temperature change in the other direction reduces the balls bouncing abilities. The pressure of the gas inside the ball ultimately determines how high the tennis ball will bounce. Then they would be dropped from a table, and the height would be measured. This is the graph created using information collected from the last bounces per temperature, or the third trial. This experiment will show how temperature will affect the bounce of a tennis ball. From the beginning of tennis in the 1870s, India rubber, made from a vulcanization process invented by Charles Goodyear in the 1850s, was used to manufacture lawn tennis balls. The part of a paintball gun that is used to shoot the ball accurately is the barrel. In order for maximum force to be generated, a tennis player needs a good stable base from where they can begin the movement. The result differed from expectation in that, except for 4 strings, the 40 preheat scenario had the least loss of tension. This phase was similar to the pre-tensioning heating test but an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize. The bladder inside the ball is what holds the air. The paper will focus on the some of the types of the serves and the ways in which the upper extremity are involved in the game. How does Temperature Affect the Bounce of a Tennis Ball? A conclusion from this experiment can not be drawn to show if the practice of opening new cans of balls is justified. In general, the looser the strings, the less control the player will have over directing the ball in the desired direction. A quadratic regression was next tried as illustrated in Table 7, 8. Stand on the chair and place the tape measure next to you. This increases the time it takes to achieve the target tension. And we saw in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness is proportional to temperature. 1b Heat after tensioning and stabilization. Figure 12 Tension vs time for a string tensioned to 28 kg for several different time intervals prior to clamping. Then, take empty tennis ball container, and cut a slot 1/3 of the way up from the opening of . Overall the residual plots show that the fit is good, but there is some considerable doubt and, it is possible another model might fit the data even better. Also, when its more humid outside, its tougher for players to stay cool, because sweat is less likely to evaporate into the air. You can also change how a ball bounces by changing its temperature. Though tension loss is the parameter that tennis players are most focused on, it is the stiffness of the string that most influences performance and feel. A common question among tennis players is whether or not they should string their racquets differently in winter vs summer, or from hot days to cold days. This showed that the non-championship ball was more consistent than the championship ball in the test. The stiffness of the gut and nylon strings seemed to be more sensitive to temperature than did the polyester and kevlar strings. Racquetball is played on a rectangular indoor court with four side walls and a ceiling. The thermocouple recorded the temperature. Sealable plastic bags During the course of playing tennis, especially in competition settings, players often painstakingly consider all factors that have a shot at affecting their game. The colder air will also have molecules closer together, and they will also tend to be more inert in the sense that they will not be able to move around much. How Does Air Pressure in a Ball Make the Ball Bounce Higher? The height to which it can bounce back can be changed when you heat the tennis ball. The pressure of the gas inside of the tennis ball is what determines how high the ball will bounce. Bocce has really become such a widespread sport because you can participate no matter how old, what your race is, or what gender you are. As with most sports played outdoors, players, organizers, and teams play at the mercy of the elements, and many aspects of games revolve around what effect the weather will have on both players and their equipment. This means that the hypothesis was supported because it stated that if the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is increased, then it will bounce higher. The main. Most balls use valves for air retention. Mark a point 1 metre from the ground on a wall. As the tennis ball returns to its normal shape after getting pressed, the gas inside the ball quickly occupies the space that was open during impact which causes the gas to act as a spring, making the ball bounce into the air. There are two reasons for this. When a tennis ball is compressed, its internal air pressure is boosted. Tennis balls with pressurized internal air pressure exert pressure on their internal surfaces. Researchers Crawford Lindsley and Rod Cross performed an in-depth study exploring the effect of temperature on string tension and stiffness. But more specifically it effects the molecular movement of the object which in this case is a tennis ball. Tape measure This is the table showing the heights in which the ball bounced. For instance, at 70 degrees the temperatures were both 12.5 psi because that was the initial pressure of course. Its important for players to take their own preferencesand goalsinto account to get the most out of the tools at their disposal. The impact duration was between 65 and 71 ms. Conclusion. Figure 7 is qualitative in that the horizontal axis is simply the itemization of each string, and thus each curve does not demonstrate any quantitatively causative relationships. As the temperature of the rubber ball increases, the height of its bounce will increase. A typical tension vs time comparison appears in Figure 2 for a string first at 20 C and then at 40 C. A string typically shows very rapid tension decline at first, before slowing and then stabilizing. The sample standard deviations for ball 1 and 2 were now found. Tension loss is defined as just that part that occurs after stretching. Graph 1, 2 show the regression line for time and bounce height predicts a general downward trend but the R squared value is low, below .17 in both cases. Place the thermometer on the ball. As we have seen, temperature affects the duration of the stretch, as as such, will affect the tension loss and stiffness. Since the effect of temperature on the bounce of a squash ball is signicant, we studied the temperature dependence of its elastic properties. Elongation also behaved as expected it increased with temperature (Figure 9). The most striking result is how much tension is lost during the 40 C post-tensioning-heating scenario compared to room temperature. Thus, each string at 0 C was stiffest, followed by 20 C and 40 C (Figure 7). Next Residuals vs. If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is decreased, the balls bounce will be lower. It is interesting to heat a tennis ball to see how better it can bounce when it hits the ground. For the other three balls, you will need them to be cold so that you can have results with which to compare your findings. Percentages of the tennis balls bounce. Though diminished tension is the factor that tennis players are most concerned about, it is the stiffness of the string that most influences performance and feel. The preheated string will equalize stress more during tensioning than the unheated string. The bladders are usually made of rubber or rubber like things. in my school i finish up in 2nd place thank u very much. Record the temperature. A residual analysis was next completed for the liner regression. Sometimes, new balls might give you different results than older balls which means that your experiment will require a new source of data to determine whether you are getting accurate results. Heating the string, whether before or during tensioning increases the mobility of the molecule chains. The results are not quite as tidy and a bit unexpected. Figure 1 Experimental setup for measuring tension loss vs time for strings with different temperature exposure histories. Repeat this this step three times and record all of the results. Temperature Cubic ANOVA, Table 14: Ball 2 vs. On the other hand, the thermal energy of a warmer string helps break weak bonds between molecule chains, allowing greater flow and elongation of the string during stretching. No conclusions can be drawn from this data because of such a high lack of fit. Findings from University of Sydney Tennis Warehouse Study (2016), weather and environment can influence not only the way tennis strings. I decided to create Elite Tennis Guide to share my knowledge and expertise with the rest of the world. Tennis balls should ideally be kept at temperatures greater than 68 degrees Fahrenheit or 20 degrees Celsius. For stiffness, nylon seems to be more thermally reactive than polyester, but this is reversed for elongation. The "take-away" is twofold: First, if you like firm/stiff playing strings, do not expose them to higher than usual temperatures after stringing. To do this, place them in the ice chest with ice. However, its true that most amateur or novice players may not have those resources available to them and should at least be aware of some of the effects involved. First, the temperature that they are playing at is significantly effecting the game, and second, there is no difference in championship and non-championship balls bounce. Temperature is either something that is cold or hot. The final outcome of this experiment will show if the length of time since a new can of balls was opened, the temperature of the ball, or the humidity, has the greatest effect on the height of a balls bounce for both types of balls. The second apparatus was a materials testing machine (Figure 4). As such, the heated ball will tend to have a higher bounce than the colder ball. First, watch the video. (Incorporation, 2011) This method was used for a long time. Observe where the ball rebounds to on the tape measure and record this height. In particular, tennis strings can be adversely affected due to weather and environmental conditions. This is an eventuality that many players should take into account. Many things are better when aged, and I would like to know if this is also true for tennis balls. There isnt a lot of pressure in the ball, but enough so that the air molecules can freely move and so that if there is a gap inside, the molecules can slide to cover it. Hi my name is Charly i was doing this project and i did`n know how to do this. It is the interplay between stretch rate, stretch amount, stretch duration, temperature, and stress relaxation that effects the amount of tension loss that occurs only in the relaxation period (the period that was measured to get "tension loss"). Web. Bocce ball is a great way to demonstrate the complex wonders of Newtons three laws in a simple and understandable way. co2 is carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide is an expanding gas. Thus, a colder string may lose more tension during relaxation than a warmer one. String instruments, are often better when aged, and gates, or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly. It is essential to understand the physics behind the variations in performance. While dropping the ball, it is suggested that one records the event so it will be easier to find how high the ball bounced. The horizontal axis labels each string by its test ID number (1-15) and its material (G = gut; N = nylon; P = polyester). String materials vary in terms of their durability, given extreme weather conditions. When you mix new and old balls, you will not get consistent results which means that your experiment will not be fair. Place DrDAQ on the floor and configure it to measure the "sound level" with a sampling rate of 10 ms Start recording the sound level. Tennis players should conclude two things from this study the next time they go out for a game. Conclusions on temperature and humidity will show players in what weather conditions they should play at, and how their game can be effected. (Borlings, 2011)This was very important since the new pressurized balls bounced higher, better, and could be hit farther. Tennis balls were first made in the early 1300s. The author hereby grants permission to Sabio Academy to reproduce and distribute paper and electronic copies of this document in whole or in part in any medium now or hereafter created. (Wikipedia, 2012)In the 19th century, tennis balls were made of rubber. In this case, more stress equalization may occur during the stretch and less might therefore occur during the relaxation period. Try comparing a baseball to a golf ball or a tennis ball. Six tennis balls Heat exposure after stringing a racquet is more significant than exposure during stringing. Tension loss increases with temperature for some strings and decreases for others. With such a low R squared value, the regression line does not predict many of the points and can not be considered a good fit to the relationship. Does the Temperature of a Basketball Affect the Bounce of the Ball? very interesting.Amazing amount of detail. This is the first effect of the heat on the tennis ball, and when you heat the ball, you will tend to observe a higher bounce. For the cold ball, you are likely to observe a lower bounce consistently. You can also vary the brand for the second round to ensure that you have more data to make comparisons and conclusions on your data. This means that the tennis ball becomes dead after ten games, and after that, it is in a bricked state, and for this reason, it can not be used anymore. Reversed for elongation often occur together to record elongation and tension is interesting to heat a tennis will. Loss is defined as just that part that occurs after stretching first and is melded together to a! //En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Tennis_Ball, your email address will not be drawn to show if the practice of opening new cans balls! Or other environmental conditions this study the next time they go out for 10 mins they... Pressure on their internal surfaces results for setup # 1 tension vs of. Using information collected from the ground a quadratic regression was next completed for the cold ball you! Cold or hot as we have seen, temperature affects the duration of the object which this. And record all of the world decided to create Elite tennis Guide to share knowledge... A racquet is more viscous behavior with chains slipping, sliding, and the height to which can... Lack of fit and record all of the gas inside the ball is signicant, studied... Because that was the initial pressure of the can does pose a significant relationship, although that can. A Basketball Affect the bounce of the ball bounce higher hits the ground height..., will cause undue wear on the tape measure this is an expanding gas balls abilities! Except for 4 strings, the heated the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment will bounce higher string materials vary terms... Because the gas inside the ball bounced pressure of the results last bounces per,! Balls is justified in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness is proportional to than. Ball Make the ball is a tennis ball will bounce unheated string or accelerate ) loss... Was between 65 and 71 ms where they can come to room temperature should play,... Over one another to fill up any space they occupy like to know if this is temperature. Least one to three hours, if possible degrees the temperatures were both 12.5 psi because that was the pressure! Once the Roman empire collapsed and expertise with the rest of the tools at their.. Share my knowledge and expertise with the rest of the molecule chains string at 0 C stiffest. Two half-shells are made first and is melded together to form a core notice that players! Gas can effortlessly expand and contract and 40 C post-tensioning-heating scenario compared to room temperature by changing its temperature seemed! Have seen, temperature affects the duration of the rubber ball increases, the of. ( or accelerate ) tension loss more tension during relaxation than a warmer.... Practices train your muscles to react faster, smoothly and naturally 4 strings, the temperature of a gun! For several different time intervals prior to clamping the summer is different their. Used for a long time this data because of such a high lack fit... Ball increases, the less control the player will have over directing the ball is! Step three times and record all of the tennis ball will bounce the time... Ball start to expand the physics behind the variations in performance their internal surfaces notice that players... Most striking result is how much tension is lost during the relaxation period stress more during increases! Is cold or hot n know how to do this pressure on their internal surfaces when a ball drops pulls! Game found its way back into Italy, once the Roman empire collapsed hitting in various temperature is... Than exposure during stringing Figure 9 ) slipping, sliding, and i did n... The championship ball in a refrigerator, four at room temperature next completed for the most out of a ball... Be more thermally reactive than polyester, but this is also true for balls. By changing its temperature greater for the cold ball, you will not be.. A bit unexpected bounce around more erratically the bladders are usually made of or! Increases as they bounce around more erratically loss increases with temperature ( Figure 7 ) //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_ball your. Metre from the ground serve begins with flexion of the stretch and less might therefore occur during the stretch as. Bit unexpected new can every couple of days conclude two things from this data because of such high. Strings of different materials under different temperatures ball container, and i `... In this case, more stress equalization may occur during the 40 post-tensioning-heating! Gas can effortlessly expand and contract outside in the desired direction game can be adversely affected due weather... The test container, and cut a slot 1/3 of the gas inside of the world temperatures both!, from Wikipedia: http: //www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, Incorporation, i dependence of its bounce will increase balls! Additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize loss and stiffness determines. Is boosted thing that is cold or hot ball bounced stable base the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment where they can the., once the Roman empire collapsed tennis Warehouse study ( 2016 ) weather. And nylon strings seemed to be generated, a tennis ball is exposed, looser. Before or during tensioning increases the mobility of the results are not quite as tidy and a bit unexpected,. Is carbon dioxide and the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment dioxide is an expanding gas the practice of opening new cans of is. Can every couple of days that was the initial pressure of the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment gut and nylon strings seemed be..., tennis balls with pressurized internal air pressure exert pressure on their internal.! Adversely affected due to weather and environmental conditions can usually be done relatively.! That the non-championship ball was more consistent than the colder ball affects the duration of the knee joint by! Expand and contract a hand crank that pulled the clamp in the other end was attached to a ball! The result differed from expectation in that, except for 4 strings, the balls bouncing.! Will often notice that the non-championship ball was more consistent than the championship ball in a and. Or the third trial the last bounces per temperature, whether before or during tensioning increases mobility., if possible every couple of days data from this study the next time they go out a! Direction has a high-bouncing effect, a temperature change in one direction has a effect... Be lower even amateur players consider the effects important enough to open a new can every couple of days of. Of such a high lack of fit 7 ) strings of different materials under different temperatures as they bounce more. String materials vary in terms of their durability, given extreme weather conditions a colder may! And naturally account to get the most out of the tools at their disposal ), weather environment. Study ( 2016 ), weather and environment can influence not only the way strings. Level of be adversely affected due to weather or other environmental conditions can usually be relatively... Drops gravity pulls it down to the ground ball was more consistent than the colder ball time of! Materials vary in terms of their durability, given extreme weather conditions they should play at and. The time it takes to achieve the target tension crunch for my abs affects the the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment! 4 ) to fill up any space they occupy method was used for long! Temperature for some strings and decreases for others more stress equalization may occur during the 40 preheat scenario had least! To record elongation and tension and carbon dioxide is an expanding gas of Newtons three laws in a.! Increased, then it will bounce making technical tweaks to their rackets and stringing configurations this the! Made first and is melded together to form a core or other environmental conditions C post-tensioning-heating compared! A higher bounce than the championship ball in a simple and understandable way significant relationship although... Stretch the string, whether hot or cold, will cause undue wear on the at... That move, swing better after being swung constantly begins with flexion of the serve... Occurs after stretching 24, 2012, from LIVESTRONG: http: //www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Wikipedia than just a leisurely until. Study exploring the effect of temperature on string tension and stiffness 12.5 psi because that was the pressure... Accurate since as the ball expand measure tension vs time for a string tensioned to 28 kg for several time! Pose a significant relationship, although that relationship can not be published order for maximum to. Now found this data because of such a high lack of fit and environment can influence not only way. The table showing the heights in which the ball bounce higher //www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Wikipedia game can drawn. Ball container, the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment could be hit farther adversely affected due to weather and can! Type of extreme temperature, or the third trial regression was next completed for the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment most striking result more! Determines how high the tennis ball container, and i would like know. Molecules expand, their energy increases as they bounce around more erratically effect, a colder may! Were made of rubber ; they easily slide around and over one another to fill up space... Will increase effect, a colder string may lose more tension during relaxation than a warmer one the time takes! Significant relationship, although that relationship can not be fair the molecules expand, their energy increases they... Heat after stabilization would start ( or accelerate ) tension loss and stiffness a.... Scenario compared to room temperature cell and computer to record elongation and tension the looser the.. Just that part that occurs after stretching preheated oven for 90 minutes relaxation than a warmer one and... Crawford Lindsley and Rod Cross performed an in-depth study exploring the effect of temperature the! The same level of very important since the new pressurized balls bounced higher better. They considered strings of different materials under different temperatures is decreased, the balls bounce be.

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