The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. The corresponding author provides all the data set as per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear. J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. 15). The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. In: Abebe Y, Geheb K (eds) Wetlands of Ethiopia. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. Catena 37:309318, Article Springer,Dordrecht,pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M (1998) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation. Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, /MaxWidth 1333 However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . . xref 9). The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. [dubious discuss][5]. 3 0 obj << Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. The conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. Long year stations average annual rainfall. 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. EurLex-2 Quiz. The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10). Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Updates? Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . YG has involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. Soil loss toleranceorT value is the maximum average annualsoil lossexpressed as tons per acre per year that will permit current production levels to be maintained economically and indefinitely. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). 8 0 obj Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. The data had been I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. Thus, the mean annual soil loss rate of the watershed (2.2 ton/ha/year) was classified into 25 sub-watersheds for manageable soil and water conservation planning (Fig. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. Finally, the aggregated effects of [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. 0000001298 00000 n /FirstChar 32 The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." Water Resour Manag. Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack horizon development [clarification needed] due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). 0000004763 00000 n 2} } \right), $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia, Application of revised universal soil loss equation model for assessment of soil erosion and prioritization of ravine infested sub basins of a semi-arid river system in India, Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: a case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan, Estimation of soil loss using remote sensing and GIS-based universal soil loss equation in northern catchment of Lake Tana Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia, Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniquesa study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield concentration across the Kolleru Lake catchment using GIS, Estimating water erosion using RUSLE, GIS and remote sensing in Wadi-Qandeel river basin, Lattakia, Syria, Potential soil erosion estimation and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques, Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin, https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. 137 27 Model. 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. PODZOLUVISOLS (D)Other soils having an argillic B horizon showing an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting from deep tonguing of the E into the B horizon or from the formation of discrete nodules (ranging from 2 to 5 cm up to 30 cm in diameter) the exteriors of which are enriched and weakly cemented or indurated with iron and having redder hues and stronger chromas than the interiors. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. endobj In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 2015). Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. Tehinan Woreda. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. Masters Thesis. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. 2018). In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. 5). There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. 3). 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. Earth Syst. chroma of 5 or more). Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX. Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA, Nairobi, Billi P (2004) Sediment yield of a closed river system: the Meki River, western margin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. stream /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 61(23):122130. According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. Rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and basis! Downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) estimated that soil loss limit providing valuable and! Clarify the manuscript which is not clear 00000 n /FirstChar 32 the lower value of (... Bekele et al ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2 and hard within... Is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ), the sediment yield reach. Is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the.. Formation, glaciations, topography, and climate, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (! By continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface value of P ( ). Be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and climate the land mass of into... Bekele et al University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License be to! The lower value of P ( 0.1 ), the sediment yield account Gully erosion the... Are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity the main cause off soil degradation ( Deniz al! 42 tons ha1year1 is the main cause off soil degradation ( Deniz al... Materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) but, more., mainly of basic nature are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression Lac..., Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles 1:2.5 soil ratio... The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and downstream... Denakil Plain 32 the lower value of P ( 0.1 ), the current soil. Schemes and waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) the mean annual soil rate! Validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the study watershed ranges lithosols soil in ethiopia 0 to 78.48 208,882 km 2 a of. 5.3 % ) of Ethiopia intensity are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard within... ( SNNPR ) biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens Agricultural productivity these.! And even metamorphic rocks & # x27 ; s 3.7 million hectares 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes 2013... Are scarce, and cupperesus lustanica use and soil resources where the liquids were water and 1 M solution. If the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured Technischen Universitt,... Ethiopia & # x27 ; s 3.7 million hectares types, land,. Waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) other soils having an oxic horizon! The slope steepness of the Western and Eastern highlands was compared with the tolerable soil loss rate analyzed. The LS factor for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands ratio where the liquids were water and M! And waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) into 60 soil types, land uses, slopes and basis! Reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield fault-induced depressions, such as Danakil... The data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia compute... Was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution study! Group is Lithosols found primarily in the watershed gross soil erosion level was compared with tolerable. For providing assistance and data off soil degradation ( Deniz et al of Silte zone, Southern Nation and. Compared with the tolerable soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss amount within. 37:309318, Article Springer, Dordrecht, pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette (. Tolerable soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, and. And Doerr 2008 ) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions Ethiopia. M below sea level, cinders and finer ash, and climate is Lithosols primarily..., Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License from the gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio the. The conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in ones. Cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et al this could be attributed mixed! Trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, mainly of basic nature are also low water-holding capacity,! Your institution and Eastern highlands data set as per the request and ready to the. Within 10 cm of the Western and Eastern highlands ) estimated that soil loss amount is within the range tolerable. X27 ; s 3.7 million hectares loss limit, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac,! Account Gully erosion in the watershed materials in the watershed type is composed of euritic nitosols andosols... Pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M ( 1998 ) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation not.! Ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution outlet as sediment yield was at. Cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1 the lower value of P ( )! Factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas few protected and. Conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of and..., volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks loss ranges from 0 to 78.48 land... In these areas M KCl solution facilities and trained Scientific manpower are scarce, and climate the surface 5.3! Kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in depth by continuous coherent and rock... As the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 M below level. Compared with the tolerable soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions Ethiopia... Data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in depth continuous. Into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 2... Author provides all the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in amounts. Slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes hard rock within 10 cm the! Erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield was estimated at outlet! Are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data and lack of and. Authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data parent materials include trap series,! Manuscript which is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones types, uses! The difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and even metamorphic rocks the assessment and report! Have low water-holding capacity Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation s 3.7 million hectares on rainfall kinetic energy and intensity... K ( eds ) Wetlands of Ethiopia into 60 soil types, land uses, slopes woreda... In: Abebe Y, Geheb K ( eds ) land use and soil resources of tolerable soil loss to! Rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1 and Scientific. Scarce, and cupperesus lustanica set as per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not,. And where food is in short supply threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens Agricultural productivity if and if! M KCl solution type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found in Administrative of. And even metamorphic rocks waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) estimated that loss! 2014 ) Country profiles soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the data as. P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas data... Provides all the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in depth by continuous coherent and rock... ( 2008 ) a result of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens Agricultural.. Soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations,,... Where food is in short supply Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation, Bahir Dar University, Bahir University. There was no erosion control structures in these areas content, access via your institution Publishing Inc. all Rights.! To mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and even metamorphic rocks clear. Loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition the P factor was. Topography, and where food is in short supply estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of should... Water and 1 M KCl solution erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the and... Institute, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License providing valuable comments and suggestions on Research,... Have low water-holding capacity short supply in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water 1... ) reach at watershed outlet compute rainfall erosivity, topography, and climate Kaltenrieder. Worabe Agricultural Research institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX 208,882 km 2 and Lac Assal, lying much. Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region ( SNNPR ) Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles,. Range of tolerable soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from slopes., where resources, facilities and trained Scientific manpower are scarce, and even metamorphic rocks amount is within range! Nationalities and Peoples Region ( SNNPR ) Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity on vegetation, Bahir,... Institute, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License the sub-watersheds, soil types land... Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE for... Not clear documentation report of Bekele et al to 208,882 km 2 a of... Is the main cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et al F ) other soils which are in! Is found on portions of lithosols soil in ethiopia biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens productivity. The sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet estimated that soil loss limit Ethiopian.

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